竹丝炭化时间对风力发电机叶片阻燃性能的影响

风力发电站常常安装在偏远的海岛、高山或沙漠地区,叶片在使用过程中常受到高温、闪电、野火等等不利因素的影响而烧损,因此,风电叶片材料阻燃性能的选择就显得十分重要.采用HRR3热释放率系统、HC-2氧指数测定仪等仪器,测定并分析经由不同炭化时间处理的竹丝制造的竹增强复合材料的阻燃性能.结果表明:竹丝经10 min炭化处理制造的竹增强复合材料,试件在HRR3热释放率系统测试实验中产生的热释放量峰值最低(99.44 kw/m2),且在5 min内总热释放量最低(339.15 kW·min/m2),氧指数值最高(52),其阻燃性能较好.     

性信息素加病毒诱芯技术的风洞试验

性信息素加病毒诱芯技术的风洞试验赵博光，杨秀莲，柯立明（南京林业大学南京２１００３７）关键词自传播技术，性信息素，核型多角体病毒，风洞，大袋蛾Ｉｇｎｏｆｆｏ将有目的地利用昆虫本身传播昆虫病原生物以控制害虫种群的方法，定义为自传播法或自传播技术［１］。...     

风对林木的影响

风除对森林造成了危害外,还对树木的生长、形态以及森林生态等产生影响。随着全球气候变化的发展,更多和更强的暴风出现的危险性日益增加。为了更好地理解风害对树木、林分和森林生态系统的影响,为森林经营管理提供依据,本文对近10年来国际上有关风对林木影响内容进行归纳总结。结果表明,风对林木影响的研究主要在以下几个方面取得了重要的进展：1)风与林木的空气动力学关系;2)树木在风力荷载下其适应性的生长机理;3)树木对风的生理响应：4)森林风害的危险评估。所有这些研究大都在人工用材林中进行的。此外,本文还介绍了该研究领域需要开展的其它研究,如1)天然林或天然次生林的风害研究;2)风害形成的林窗和森林动态研究;3)风害对森林生态主要过程的影响研究;4)．风害与森林管理研究。图3参61。     

The role of shelter in Australia for protecting soils,plants and livestock

The purpose of this review is to examine the current knowledge of the role of trees in providing shelter for pastures, crops, and livestock, for controlling erosion of soils and improving productivity and sustainability of agricultural production in Australia — and the extent to which this knowledge has been applied.Land degradation — tree loss and associated soil salinity, water and wind erosion, soil acidification, soil structural decline and nutrient degradation — is evidence that our primary production systems are not sustainable. We have sought increased production without proper consideration of the ecological context of that system. About half of Victoria's crop and pasture lands are affected or at risk, and in Western Australia about 25% of the cleared agricultural land is wind-eroded and 60% is potentially susceptible, salinity affects 0.43 m ha and half of the divertible surface water is affected by salinity. Similar problems occur in other States. At least 43 m ha or 13% of our rangelands are seriously degraded by wind erosion caused by overgrazing, often coinciding with drought or a run of drier years.Minimum tillage and stubble management for erosion control in cropping has been a major extension and research activity in Australian agriculture. Severe weather, combined with imperfect adoption of appropriate grazing and crop management systems, shows the weakness of complete reliance on these methods of erosion control. An effective system must accommodate the impact of extreme events, which are the most damaging. However, the complementary use of windbreaks to reduce soil erosion is rare, and their establishment has not been promoted, despite the wide-spread adoption of this technology by other countries.In the cropping and higher rainfall grazing areas, the systematic planting of 10% of the land in a net of shelterbelts/timberbelts/clusters could achieve a 50% windspeed reduction; this would substantially improve livestock and pasture production in the short and long-term. Wind erosion could be dramatically reduced and crop production probably increased by the use of windbreaks. Wheat and oat yield at Rutherglen (Victoria), and lupin yield at Esperance (Western Australia), were increased in the sheltered zone by 22% and 47%, and 30%, respectively.In semi-arid and dry temperate areas, planting of 5% of the land to shelter could reduce windspeed by 30–50% and soil loss by up to 80%. This planting would also contribute substantially to achieving other objectives of sustainable agriculture. Agroforestry — particularly timberbelts applications — will be important in the long-term strategy for achieving revegetation. If some of the trees yield a marketable product then the adoption of the system will be more readily achieved.In the arid (pastoral) areas there is an urgent need to promote the ethic that preservation and improvement of the perennial grass and shrub vegetation is critical for the protection of the soil and maintenance of land capability. Control of animal grazing remains the sole means of preventing erosion in much of this zone. While satellite imagery allows us to assess the condition of leasehold lands, we have failed to achieve stocking policies that will halt the degradation of our rangelands.     

生物措施治理水土流失项目管理信息系统研发浅议

研制开发生物措施治理水土流失项目管理信息系统,可以利用现代技术提升项目管理工作,对项目建设和推广有着十分重要的意义。本文介绍了生物措施治理水土流失项目管理信息系统研发的目的任务、技术思路、运行环境及系统的主要功能。     

林带阻力与透风系数关系的试验研究

利用多年的疏透度、透风系数的野外观测和风洞试验资料,给出了立体结构林带和平面结构模型林带疏透度和透风系数的关系式分别为α=β~(0.4)及α=β~(0.95)。利用台式天平测定了7种风洞模型林带的阻力,以透风系数表示林带结构,阻力为C_α=16.3(1-α)~(0.55),以疏透度表示林带结构,阻力系数为C_β=14.0。     

多伦县风蚀地貌及风蚀量评价研究

在多伦县沙漠化土地调查过程中,就其风蚀地貌进行了详细的研究。本文不仅论证了风蚀地貌的形成、类型和分布,而且以翔实的测定数据,并采用克拉瓦洛维克的风蚀强度公式计算了该地区不同景观类型区的风蚀量。以论据为基础,研讨了增加地表粗糙度的方法、成效以及防止或减缓风蚀的有效途径。     

Protective effect of floor cover against soil erosion on steep slopes forested with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chamaecyparis obtusa</Emphasis> (hinoki) and other species

 We evaluated the protective effects of floor cover against soil erosion in three types of forest located on steep slopes under a humid climate: 22- and 34-year-old Chamaecyparis obtusa (hinoki), 34-year-old Cryptomeria japonica (sugi), and 62-year-old Pinus densiflora (red pine) stands. We measured sediment transport rates (sediment mass passing through one meter of contour width per millimeter of rainfall), using sediment traps, before and after removing floor cover. Raindrop splash erosion was dominant in the experimental stands. Floor cover percentage (FCP) during the preremoval stage varied from 50% to 100% among the four stands, and sediment transport rates ranged from 0.0079 to 1.7 g m⁻¹ mm⁻¹. The rates increased to 1.5–5.6 g m⁻¹ mm⁻¹ immediately after removing floor cover, and remained high throughout the experiment. The presence of physical cover near the ground has a crucial effect on sediment transport on forested slopes. The protective effect ratio (the ratio of the sediment transport rate in a control plot to that in the removal plot) in a young hinoki stand, in which the FCP decreased markedly, was 0.3 at most, which is close to the rate for bare ground. The protective effect ratio in the red pine stand was ≤0.003. We concluded that the protective effect of floor cover in undisturbed forests in Japan differs by over two orders of magnitude, based on comparisons with previous studies. Received: March 11, 2002 / Accepted: August 16, 2002 Present address: Department of Forest Site Environment, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Ibaraki 305-8687 Japan Tel. +81-298-73-3211; Fax +81-298-74-3720 e-mail: miura@affrc.go.jp Present address: Department of Forest Site Environment, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Ibaraki 305-8687 Japan Tel. +81-298-73-3211; Fax +81-298-74-3720 e-mail: miura@affrc.go.jp Acknowledgments This study was supported by the Research Council of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, of Japan. We thank H. Ujihara, S. Ujihara, and M. Ogasawara in Otoyo, Kochi, who provided the experimental stands used in this study. We also thank K. Hirai, S. Kuramoto, E. Kodani, and the rest of the staff at the Shikoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, for their help in conducting the experiments. Correspondence to:S. Miura     

Comparing genetic diversity in agroforestry systems with natural forest: a case study of the important timber tree Vitex fischeri in central Kenya

It is possible that current tree domestication practices undertaken by farmers reduce the genetic base of tree resources on farms, raising concerns regarding the productivity, sustainability and conservation value of agroforestry ecosystems. Here, we assessed possible changes in genetic variation during domestication in the important and heavily utilised timber species, Vitex fischeri Gürke (syn. Vitex keniensis), by comparing geographically proximate forest and farm material in central Kenya. Employing RAPD analysis, a total of 104 polymorphic markers revealed by five arbitrary primers were scored in a total of 65 individuals, 32 from forest and 33 from farmland. Despite concerns of possible genetic erosion, forest and farm stands did not differ significantly in levels of genetic variation, with H values of 0.278 and 0.269, respectively. However, Mantel tests did reveal greater geographically related associative genetic structure among individuals in farm rather than forest material, with r _M values of 0.217 and 0.114, respectively. A more detailed analysis of structure suggested this could be due to local variation in origin of some on-farm trees. Implications of data for the genetic management of V. fischeri stands during farmer-led tree domestication activities are discussed. At present, there appears little reason to reject on-farm V. fischeri as a source of germplasm for future on-farm planting or for conservation purposes, although this situation may change and will require monitoring.     

Ecological Benefit of Reforestation in a Severely Degraded Red Soil Region

Guifeng, Yiyang County, belongs to a seriously degraded red soil region. In 1991, Pinus elliottii and Lespedaza spp. were the species selected for the establishment of a mixed forest in the area. The results of an investigation of the soil system in a 12-year-old forest indicated the following: (1) Organic matter and total nitrogen of the forest soil to a depth of 40 cm were 88.0 and 36.0% higher, respectively, than those of a control plot; total phosphorus and available phosphorus were 40.9 and 22.3% higher than those of the control; available potassium contents were 8.13% lower than those of the control. (2) Soil aeration and the soil air regime improved. (3) Proteinase, catalase, and urease in the forest soil to a depth of 40 cm were usually higher than those in the control plot and decreased with soil depth. Translated from Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis, 2005, 27(1) (in Chinese)